The Child Elf

When I see young people with eating disorders in clinic, I often wonder what could have been done to have prevented things getting to this serious and distressing point.

I worry about the societal pressures adolescents have to contend with whilst also navigating the complex process of growing up: exams, bullying, social media, and being bombarded with unrealistic portrayals of what women should look like to name just a few. I wonder how we can help them through this stage of their lives without so many of them needing to come to CAMHS (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services). Not because I don’t like seeing them, but because I’d rather they didn’t need to see me.

And then I think about schools: adolescents in general are a captive market. Before someone else points this out: yes, I do see quite a lot of children and young people in clinic who are not in school at the moment, for various reasons. But the aim here is to prevent them getting to that stage. Maybe we could do some work in schools to prevent eating disorders. Other elves report that school-based interventions have been tried with some success for preventing anxiety disorders and alcohol use.

There has even been a call from Parliament to research school interventions to reduce body dissatisfaction (Swinson et al, 2012), which is more common than eating disorders and a known risk factor for them.

So I was really interested to read this paper on a school-based prevention programme for eating disorders, published in late 2013 in the British Journal of Psychiatry (Sharpe et al, 2013).

Methods

Design and participants

This is a randomised trial, clustered by school class. Participants were in Year 8 or 9 (that’s second or third year in old money, or 12-14 year olds), and enrolled in UK Secondary Schools not specifically catering for special educational needs.

Interventions

The school classes were randomised to receive either the intervention or control:

• Intervention: Six 50-minute, teacher-delivered (teachers all had 2 hours’ training), manualised sessions of “Me, You & Us”, focusing on media literacy (learning to critically analyse media images), peer interactions including “fat talk and how to stop it” and positive psychology including personal strengths and noticing positives.
• Control: Curriculum as usual.

Classes were randomised to intervention or control with no restrictions. The nature of the intervention meant participants could not be blinded.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was body esteem measured by the Body Esteem Scale for Adults and Adolescents.

Secondary outcomes (measured with various appropriate scales) were binge eating or compensatory behaviours, thin ideal internalisation, appearance conversations with friends, peer support, depressive symptoms, self-esteem.

Students were also asked how much they enjoyed the programme and how useful they found it. Fidelity of delivery was measured by researchers observing 2 lessons in each school.

All measures were self-completed before and after the course and 3 months after it finished.

Results

Researchers really struggled to recruit schools: 112 schools were approached and only 3 agreed to participate, all of which were state-funded all girls schools. The schools had a range of students from different backgrounds, including BME groups. The majority of students did then participate, and most were neutral or positive about the enjoyability and usefulness of the lessons. Baseline measures were similar between groups. However, in one school, there was only around 50% fidelity to the material (the other schools had 78% fidelity).

Primary outcome:

• There was a small difference between groups post-intervention:
  • Intervention group mean (standard deviation) = 2.31 (0.32);
  • Control group mean (standard deviation) = 2.22 (0.39);
  • p value for χ²=0.07.
• There was a slightly larger difference at 3-month follow-up:
  • Intervention group mean (standard deviation) = 2.37 (0.32);
  • Control group mean (standard deviation) = 2.22 (0.39);
  • p value for χ²=0.006.
• However effect sizes for both were (very) small:
  • Cohen’s d=0.12 post-intervention;
  • Cohen’s d=0.19 at follow-up.

For the secondary outcomes:

• There was a small effect size (0.16 at 3 month follow-up) for Thin-Ideal Internalisation.
• There was a small effect size for self-esteem at follow-up which had gone by 3 months.
• There were no other differences between groups.

Limitations

I am seriously impressed at the amount of effort and thoroughness that has gone into this research. Just designing the manual must have taken months.

The authors highlight the limitations of their study, including potential for contamination, as both intervention and control groups were in the same schools. Difficulties in recruitment left the trial underpowered – it only had 49% power to detect group differences. This may reflect on the feasibility of the approach, although the authors suggest that participating in a trial was considerably more work than implementing a new programme. All the schools involved were all girls’ schools, which may limit generalizability.

Misleading reporting of findings

In places the authors overemphasise their findings. For example, the abstract says “significantly improved body esteem and self-esteem”: technically correct (if you look at the p values for the χ² tests), but the effect sizes of both were (very) small. Figure 3 makes it look as though there is an impressive difference between groups on body esteem. I switched on my Figure Radar, because (fellow elves take note) my research mentor Prof Glyn Lewis keeps reminding me that “figures bypass important ‘thinking bits’* in your brain” (* I believe that this is the correct technical term). I emailed the author to double check and it turns out that Figure 3 has been published incorrectly: the actual numbers in Table 2 are correct.

Conclusions

The authors conclude that:

Substantial further work is needed in refining the content of the current body image lessons, increasing their efficacy across a range of outcomes.

I agree – as attractive as the idea of universal intervention to prevent body dissatisfaction and eating disorders seems, I think we would need to have a more effective treatment programme before we start rolling it out.

Links

Sharpe H, Schober I, Treasure J, Schmidt U. Feasibility, acceptability and efficacy of a school-based prevention programme for eating disorders: cluster randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. Dec 2013;203(6):428-435. [PubMed abstract]

Swinson J. et al Reflections on Body Image (PDF). All Party Parliamentary Group on Body Image, May 2012.